Dear students, welcome to e-PG
Pathshala, e-content development project by National Mission on Education through
information and communication technology. I am Kannan working at information and
library network centre Gandhinagar. Today, I'm going to talk about the module
called Digital Library projects in USA. Comes under the paper Digital Library.
The major objectives of any library is to collect, process, preserve, and disseminate
information based on the user need. In the 1990s www become a favorite media
for information delivery, due to its simplicity and usage in all the field particularly
sharing of information in the scholarly community. When we look at Digital Library history,
the United States of America is the pioneer. The project Gutenberg is the first digital
library project initiated by Dr. Michael Hart at University of Illinois in the year 1971.
In the late 1980s, different Working Group conducted workshop towards the impact
of information technology and role of electronic resources in academic community.
In 1993, the Digital Library initiative, phase one, formally starter with the funding
support from National Science Foundation, Defense Advanced Research Project agency, also
called DARPA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, also called NASA.
Given a real pulls to web based Digital Library initiatives to the world.
In this module, I'm going to talk about digital library development in USA and their impact on
digital library project, the global movement. also elaborate about various funding agencies and
their role to develop digital libraries in USA, major Digital Library projects
and their achievement etc. Let us see some of the pioneers
in the Digital Library movement. Vannevar Bush conceptualized the memory
extender called memex a thinking machine in which an individual could store
information and link with one another. memex was the crude solution
of today's digital library. Douglas Engelbart: Douglas Engelbart developed
online system also called NLS, that allowed researchers to access all the stored
working paper in a shared journal, which contain more than one lakh items in it and
was one of the largest early digital library. Bert Nelson: Bert Nelson Designed XanEdu
system in the year 1965 and coined word called hyper text and proposed
the system wherein all the publications in the world would be deeply in that link.
Tim Berners-Lee, all you aware about him. He invented the World Wide Web
at CERM laboratory in 1991. That was the most significant development in the
history of internet, as well as digital library. Project Gutenberg was the first information
provider and as the oldest Digital Library. Project Gutenberg was launched in the
year 1971 at the Materials Research Lab at University of Illinois, by Dr.
Michael Hart.
The main objective of the project is to create electronic excess of humanities literature
available at the University of Illinois. The number of electronic books in Project
Gutenberg rose from 1000 in August 1997 to 44,844 in February 2014, with a current
production rate of around 340 new books each month from all over the world in 2000 It became a
nonprofit corporation, the Project Gutenberg literary archive foundation.
Now, books are available in more than 60 languages with 11 main languages.
In the late 1980s, some of the reputed organizations and publishers started experimenting
with digitization of journal articles. The main projects were mercury,
chemistry online retrieval experiment, and Association for Computing Machinery.
The mercury project was launched in 1988 at the Carnegie Mellon University to
create a campus based electronic library. One of the objectives was to host scanned
images of journal articles using materials licensed from publishers.
four publishers, namely ACM, IEEE, Elsevier and Pergammon were identified for publishing 16 of the 20 computer science
journals that were most heavily used on campus. An early version of Zed 39.
50, was chosen as the protocol to send queries between the clients and the server
computers on which the indexes were stored. American memory was a pilot program launched
in 1989, at the Library of Congress. In this project, selected collection of
the library was digitized and disseminated. collections were selected for their value for
the study of American history and culture. And to explore the problems of working with
materials of various types such as prints, negatives, early Motion Pictures, recorded
sounds and textual documents, among others. The core project or the chemistry online retrieval
experiment project was a joint project by the Cornell University, the OCLC and the American
Chemical Society that ran from 1991 to 1995. The project converted about four lakh
pages, representing four years of articles from 20 journals, published by
the American Chemical Society. The SGML text was used to build a full
text index for information retrieval, and for rapid display on computer screens.
In 1993, Association for Computing Machinery decided that its future production process would
use a computer system That creates a database of journal articles, conference proceedings,
magazines and newsletters, all marked up in SGML. Subsequently, ACM also decided to convert
large numbers of its existing journals to build a digital library covering
its publications from the year 1985. It uses a web interface that offers readers the
opportunity to browse through the contents of the journals, and to search by author and keyword.
The digital libraries initiative, or the DLI was the result of a community
based process, which began in the late 1980s with informal discussions between
researchers and funding agencies in the USA. The Digital Library initiative phase one,
also called DLI 1 started in the year 1994, With funding support from the National Science
Foundation, the Department of Defense Advanced Research Project agency, and the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration. The US government spent around $24 million
Dollars during four years from 1994 to 1998. For projects assigned to six major universities.
These universities concentrate on developing Digital Library architecture, technologies and
standard procedure for capturing, processing and organizing the information to develop, search,
browse and visualization interfaces, among others. The UC Berkeley Digital Library Project was
part of the NSF, ARPA, NASA Digital Library initiative and part of the California
Environmental resource evaluation system. The Alexandria Digital Library Project was part
of the University of California, Santa Barbara. The goal of the project was to distribute digital
library for geographically referenced information. The info media digital video library
was part of Carnegie Mellon University. The project was supported by industrial partners
such as Bell Atlantic, the Intel Corporation, the Microsoft Corporation, etc.
federated repositories of scientific literature, was a part of the University of Illinois
Urbana-Champaign, and aimed at developing the information infrastructure to effectively
search technical documents on the internet. The testbed of engineering and physics journals
was based in the Granger engineering library. The University of Michigan Digital Library
Project was based at the University of Michigan. The project focused on the collection
of Earth and Space sciences and intended to serve a variety of users.
The external collaborators were IBM ,Elsevier Science, UMI International, and Kodak.
The standard University digital library was set up at Stanford University.
The project was a testbed running the info bus protocol, which provided a uniform way to access
a variety of services and information sources through proxies acting as interpreters between
the infobus protocol and the native protocol. Till now, we have seen Digital Library
initiatives phase one, and its various projects. Let us see Digital Library initiatives, phase
two, based on the recognized achievements of digital library initiative, phase one
and the promises of additional federal investment in digital libraries.
Digital Library initiative phase two was announced in the year 1998.
most sponsoring agencies joint with DARPA, NASA and NSF in the Digital Library initiative
phase two including National Library of medicine, the Library of Congress that is the
National Library of US the National Endowment for humanities and the National
Archives and Records Administration and etc. Second phased aim at intensive
study of architecture and usability issues of digital libraries, including
the vigorous research on human centered and then collection based system
center Digital Library architecture. Under the Digital Library initiative, phase
two, more than 77 large and small projects in various categories was developed with
the support of academic institution at USA. Let us see some of the major projects developed
under Digital Library initiatives phase two The National Digital Library
of thesis and dissertation is an international non for profit charitable
organization established in the year 1996. at Virginia Tech University dedicated to
promoting the adoption, creation, usage, dissemination and preservation of
electronic thesis and dissertations. The main objective of NDLTD is to promote
electronic Thesis and Dissertation worldwide provide useful resources,
developed standard and technology to develop ETD program and encourage higher
education institution to use NDLTD resources and participate in NDLTD activities.
The national Digital Library of Thesis and Dissertation also called NDLTD,
actually established in the year 1996. Directed by the information steering
committee at Virginia Tech University. As its core become a international, the
organization kept the acronym as it is that is called NDLTD, but changed its name to that network
Digital Library of thesis and dissertation. Today, the NDLTDs members include more
than 200 universities around the world, as well as partner organization, including
Adobe, the American Library Association, the Association of Research Library, the coalition
of network information, the joint Information Services Committee, OCLC online computer
library center ProQuest UMI and theses Canada. major funding partner, or National Science
Foundation, as well as German Research Foundation. It is from Germany, the National Council
of Science and Technology, in Mexico. the National Science Digital Library,
or the NSDL, was established in 2000 by the National Science Foundation to provide an
organized point of access to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics content, aggregated
from a variety of other digital libraries, NSF funded projects and other
national STEM stakeholder providers. This is the collaborative project between
Cornell University, Columbia University and the University corporation for Atomic Research.
The NSDL is now entirely hosted at UCAR in Boulder, Colorado, and continues
its mission as an entity dedicated to the advancement of STEM education.
The mission of the digital library for Earth system education is to improve the quality,
quantity and efficiency of teaching and learning about the Earth System,by developing, managing
and providing access to high quality educational resources and supporting services through a
community based distributed Digital Library. launched in 2000 and funded by National Science
Foundation, and managed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research Library.
ArXiv started in August 1991. also known as the Los Alamos
National laboratory e-prints service is a fully automated electronic archive and
distribution server for research papers. ArXiv is owned, operated and funded by
Cornell University, and is partially funded by the National Science Foundation.
It covers un-referred articles self archived by the authors.
The areas covered include physics, and related disciplines like mathematics, nonlinear sciences,
computer science, and quantitative biology. NASA's technical information is available
via the NASA technical report server, NTRS to provide students, educators and the
public with access to over five lakh aerospace related citations Over three lakh full text online
documents and over five lakh images and videos. The types of information include conference
papers, journal articles, meeting papers, patents, research reports, images,
movies, and technical videos. Scientific and Technical Information funded
by NASA CiteSeerx was created by Lee Giles, Kurt blacker, and Steve Lawrence in 1997
at NEC Research Institute, New Jersey, USA. CiteSeerx is a scientific
literature Digital Library and search engine that focuses primarily on the
literature in Computer and Information Science. It contains freely available full text
research articles such as journal pre-prints and papers where available, conference
proceedings, technical reports, etc. downloaded from the web.
It indexes, PostScript and PDF research articles, CiteSeerx, users search engines, crawling,
and document submissions to harvest papers. OAIster is a union catalog of millions of records
representing open access digital resources that were built by harvesting from
open access collections worldwide using the open archives initiative
protocol for metadata harvesting. OAIster began at the
University of Michigan in 2002. funded by a grant from the Andrew W.
Mellon Foundation. in 2009, OCLC formed a partnership with the
University of Michigan to provide continued access to open access collections aggregated in OAIster.
Today, OAIster includes more than 30 million records representing digital resources
from more than 1500 contributors. Till now, we have seen some of the
national level project developed in USA. Let us see some of the International
collaborative project initiated by US. After the huge success of
digital library initiatives, phase one and two National Science Foundation
collaborated with international level agencies to promote Digital Library
activities all over the world. The International Digital Library Research
Project intended to develop a system that can operate in , multiple languages from a
media, social and organizational context. The main objective of this project to avoid
duplication of efforts from different agency and sharing the scientific knowledge
and scholarly data all over the world. Let us see some of the major
international collaborative projects international Digital Library collaborative
research and application testbed by National Science Foundation in collaboration
with joint Information System committee that is a national level agency in UK.
international Digital Library research by National Science Foundation it with the
collaboration of German Research Foundation, network of excellence in digital library system.
It is a collaborative project by National Science Foundation and working group Reference Model for
digital libraries National Science Foundation and European Union digital libraries. It is a collaborative project by National
Science Foundation and European Union to promote future direction for European Research
Program in the area of digital libraries. Dear student, I hope you enjoyed this lesson.
In this module, I elaborated about various digital library initiatives taken
by the US government by the benefit of academic as well as research community.
The module also explained various aspect of the Digital Library Project Gutenberg and other
the earlier Digital Library Project, such as mercury ,chemistry online retrieval experiment,
Association for Computing, missionary and etc. Also, I elaborated about digital
library initiatives, phase one, and phase two, their outcome such as network
Digital Library of thesis and dissertation, National Science Digital Library System,
OAIster, NASA technical report server and etc. Student you are requested to go through the
landmark part of this module to know more about various digital library activities and that
funding agencies to promote Digital Library movement all over the world by the US.
Thank you..